Ophthalmology is a medical specialty that deals with the diagnosis and treatment of eye disorders. It is also involved in the study of the anatomy and physiology of the eye. Cataracts, diabetic retinopathy, glaucoma, and age-related macular degeneration are the four most prevalent eye disorders that can cause vision loss or blindness. Ophthalmology encompasses the usage of both surgical procedures and pharmaceutical interventions. It also makes use of artificial intelligence. Approved AI-based devices can be used to detect disorders by analyzing images of the eye taken with a retinal camera and utilizing a system to analyze whether the patient has any abnormalities and whether therapy is required. This book unfolds some of the vital pieces of work being conducted worldwide on various topics related to ophthalmology. Such selected concepts that redefine the research in this field have been presented herein. As this field is emerging at a rapid pace, the contents of this book will help the readers understand the developments taking place in ophthalmology.