Anand Ranganathan argues that BR Ambedkar, and not Mahatma Gandhi, is more deserving of the title "Father of the Nation" due to his indispensable role in the creation of modern India, in the drafting of the Constitution, and, most importantly, for his pivotal efforts to rid the country of caste-discrimination and untouchability. Ambedkar not only advocated the liberation of the untouchables, but he also boldly urged that Indians purge themselves of the "darkness of untouchability." Ambedkar's brilliance consisted on his towering intellect, mental clarity, and bravery in stating his thoughts. He showed no mercy. While his scathing criticism of the Caste System and Hinduism is well-known, his equally scathing criticism of Communism, Islam, and the Mahatma, as well as his role in the Khilafat movement that led to the Moplah massacres of Hindus, are evidence of an intellect "forged with the tenacity of scientific logic."