This book explores microbial intervention in wastewater treatment for resource recovery, bioenergy production, and environmental sustainability. It discusses the fate of pollutants, challenges in existing treatment strategies, and the need for innovation. Case studies illustrate wastewater-specific treatment strategies for bioenergy and resource recovery at different scales. The book emphasizes the use of wastewater for resource recovery through sequestration or biotransformation and highlights tailormade consortium development for sludge-free treatment. It also covers sustainable approaches like microbial biofilm reactors, microbial fuel cells and membrane technology for wastewater treatment. It also deals with nanotechnology in combination with microbial technology for handling refractory components in wastewater that could not be handled by microbes alone. This book provides insights into microbial technology for a clean environment and bioenergy production through a reduce, recover, and reuse approach. This valuable resource offers practical information that can be applied by engineers, researchers, and undergraduate and graduate students, as well as business professionals in the bioenergy field, aiding them in the implementation of renewable energy projects.