Baruch Spinoza (Benedito de Espinosa 1632 - 1677, later Benedict de Spinoza) was a Dutch philosopher. The breadth and importance of Spinoza's work was not fully realized until years after his death. By laying the groundwork for the 18th century Enlightenmen and modern biblical criticism, including modern conceptions of the self and, arguably, the universe, he came to be considered one of the great rationalists of 17th-century philosophy. His magnum opus, the posthumous Ethics, in which he opposed Descartes's mind-body dualism, has earned him recognition as one of Western philosophy's most important thinkers. In the Ethics, "Spinoza wrote the last indisputable Latin masterpiece, and one in which the refined conceptions of medieval philosophy are finally turned against themselves and destroyed entirely." Philosopher Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel said of all contemporary philosophers, "You are either a Spinozist or not a philosopher at all." In this book: The Ethics (Ethica Ordine Geometrico Demonstrata) On the Improvement of the Understanding A Theologico-Political Treatise [Part I] A Theologico-Political Treatise [Part II] A Theologico-Political Treatise [Part III] A Theologico-Political Treatise [Part IV]