This book examines the diverse roles of Supreme Administrative Courts (SACs) across Europe, including the Councils of State. Contributors demonstrate how the courts operate within national legal orders, focusing on how their additional (non-judicial) functions relate to adjudication. It provides insights into European constitutional and administrative law, particularly the principle of separation of powers and judicial independence. The pivotal role of the SACs in administrative judiciaries is explored through an analysis of the relationship between the SACs and executive power, legislative power and judicial power. With reference to relevant EU and Council of Europe standards, the expert contributors analyse the primary duties of SACs, such as performing advisory functions towards the executive or legislative powers and deciding on disciplinary matters for judges. They provide insights into Roman, German, Scandinavian and Middle-European legal cultures and illustrate the historical and contemporary conditions for judicial review over public administration. Presenting a comprehensive analysis of the doctrine of the separation of powers and the uniqueness of the administrative judiciary, as well as its non-judicial functions across Europe, Beyond Adjudication is an essential reference for scholars and students of European constitutional and administrative law.