Nephrology is the branch of science concerned with the diagnosis, prevention and treatment of kidney diseases. Renal replacement therapy, kidney transplantation and dialysis are a few common treatment methods to restore the normal functioning of kidneys. Kidney transplantation is a technique in which a healthy kidney of a donor is transplanted in place of a dysfunctional kidney. It can be classified into two types, namely, deceased donor kidney transplant and living donor kidney transplant. The process of surgically transplanting a deceased donor kidney into the body of a recipient whose original kidneys are unable to function normally is called deceased donor kidney transplant. A procedure in which a kidney is removed from a healthy donor and surgically placed in an individual with kidney failure is known as living donor kidney transplant. This book unravels the recent studies on nephrology and kidney transplantation. It strives to provide a fair idea about this discipline and to help develop a better understanding of the latest advances within this field. This book will serve as a valuable source of reference for graduate and postgraduate students.