Polish author Witold Gombrowicz?s famously chaotic masterpiece,  Cosmos , was profoundly influenced by Jorge Luis Borges?particularly by three key stories from  Ficciones.  Drawing on evidence that Gombrowicz read  Ficciones  in 1960, as well as handwritten marginalia in Gombrowicz?s copy of Adolfo Bioy Casares?s  La invención de Morel , this groundbreaking study argues that  Cosmos  responded to Borges?s literary transformations of cartography, mathematical combinatorics, and Miguel de Cervantes?s  Don Quijote . Along the way, it introduces the concept of ?immaterial bibliography? to analyze imaginary texts appearing in literary works. Finally, it examines the tension between Borges?s explicit racism and the ethical and aesthetic vision suggested by his fiction, revealing how rumor, rebellion, and literary inheritance shaped Gombrowicz?s reading of Borges, which in turn influenced the composition of his prizewinning last novel.  Published by Bucknell University Press. Distributed worldwide by Rutgers University Press.