This collective compendium highlights the achievements of Soviet and Russian mathematical and computer science scientific schools in the area of image analysis and understanding, pattern recognition, artificial intelligence and adjacent fields of computer sciences and applied mathematics.Contributed by renowned researchers, the materials collated are original papers never published before. This chapters provide good balance between fundamental and applied statements of problems and results.This unique reference text benefits professionals, researchers, academics, and graduate students in pattern recognition/image analysis, theoretical computer science and AI.