Tuberculosis or TB, is an infectious disease which generally affects the lungs. It is caused by mycobacterium tuberculosis bacteria. It can affect the other body parts as well. Fever, night sweats, weight loss, lack of appetite and fatigue are some of its common symptoms. It spreads through air when people having active tuberculosis in their lungs cough, sneeze, spit or speak. Individuals with latent TB do not spread the disease. Chest X-rays and microscopic examination are usually used to diagnose active TB, whereas, tuberculin skin test or blood tests are useful in diagnosing latent TB. Bacillus Calmette–Guérin (BCG) vaccine is the most common vaccine used against tuberculosis. This book is a compilation of chapters that discuss the most vital concepts and emerging trends in the field of tuberculosis research. Different approaches, evaluations, methodologies and advanced studies on tuberculosis have been included in it. This book will prove immensely beneficial to students and researchers in this field.