Samurai Swordsmen is the definitive history of the Shinsengumi, Japan's elite band of swordsmen formed to defend the shogun, suppress rebellion, and uphold order in Kyoto amid the violent collapse of the Tokugawa Shogunate in the 1860s. While Romulus Hillsborough's previous work Samurai Revolution chronicles the era from the perspective of the victors, Samurai Swordsmen focuses on the losing side, whose champion, the Shinsengumi, hunted down and killed their enemies with a ruthlessness unmatched in the annals of samurai history. Through vivid, character-driven narrative and analysis of primary sources-letters, memoirs, diaries, and contemporary accounts previously accessible only in Japanese-Hillsborough masterfully recounts the Shinsengumi's rise, unwavering loyalty to the shogun, and eventual downfall. The culmination of forty years of research and writing, Samurai Swordsmen depicts the Shinsengumi not merely as a feared police force but as a pivotal political and military power during the final years of the Tokugawa regime. Though their legacy is deeply embedded in Japan's modern revolution, the Shinsengumi have received little serious attention from English-language historians-until now. Hillsborough illuminates their role with depth and empathy, providing a definitive portrait of the Shinsengumi leaders and their turbulent age, offering readers an essential key to understanding Japan's dramatic passage from feudalism to modernity. This book appeals not only to students of Japanese and military history, but also to general readers drawn to the moral conflicts, heroism, and ethos of the end of the samurai era.