China’s rapid development in high-tech innovation, including high-speed rail, mobile internet applications, and artificial intelligence, has attracted worldwide attention and has even become one of the reasons behind trade tensions between China and the United States. The fundamental reason for these achievements is the relentless promotion of China’s science and technology innovation system over the past 40 years in the context of reform and opening up. The contributors to this volume are among the most renowned experts and scholars in the field of China’s domestic science and technology innovation. Many of them have personally experienced and researched the 40 years of China’s reform and opening up, allowing them to combine the calm analysis of scholars with the practical insights of practitioners, thus providing the most comprehensive and systematic reflection on the significant advancements in China’s science and technology innovation field over the past 40 years.