This volume examines the development of Scotland’s institutions of government in the early modern period, and considers how local and central authorities affected the lives of the Scottish people. In the book’s first part, contributors provide up-to-date studies of initiatives to reform, define and reimagine the Scottish state. The essays discuss changes in the privy council, parliament and administration, and assess political and constitutional ideas. The book’s second part explores how Scots experienced government. Contributors consider the material culture of state power and the actions of local courts and officials. Essays reconstruct the perspectives of criminals and religious dissenters, as well as participants in debt litigation and slander suits. Several chapters attend to the role of governing bodies in the Scottish witch-hunts. The essays respond to major themes in the work of Julian Goodare, who retired as Professor of History at the University of Edinburgh in 2021.