This book offers a comprehensive overview of lactation physiology in farm animals, covering fundamentals such as mammogenesis, lactogenesis, and galactopoiesis across different species. The book delves into the fundamentals of milk production and nutraceutical values of milk and discusses current prospects and challenges that the industry faces, also in light of climate change. The reader learns on how mammary glands evolved, how they are structured and how they work on a molecular level. Moreover, the book addresses diseases of the mammary gland and explores the biotechnological strategies applied to enhance milk production. This textbook combines detailed explanations with practical applications, making it an essential resource for postgraduate and PhD students, as well as faculty and researchers in veterinary physiology, biotechnology, and dairy production.