In their literary autobiographies, modernists Vita Sackville-West, Gertrude Stein, Virginia Woolf, and H. D. (Hilda Doolittle) challenge the scientific figures of the perverse lesbian, particularly those promulgated by Havelock Ellis and Sigmund Freud. By multiplying their 'I's, manipulating subject and object divisions, undermining boundaries between writer and audience, and using repetition to code erotic moments, these writers queer the terms of autobiography. That queering requires understanding autobiography as more institutional than introspective, and the autobiographies themselves question the very theories that determine them: theories of lesbianism, female development, and memory. | The Formation of 20th-Century Queer Autobiography by G. Johnston, Hardcover | Indigo Chapters